Fred A Kummerow

Fred A. Kummerow, a pioneer in the study of dietary contributors to heart disease who led a decades-long crusade to remove trans fats from the food supply, died Wednesday, May 31 2017, at his home in Urbana, Illinois. He was 102. Kummerow was a professor of comparative biosciences who maintained a laboratory at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign until he was 101, often dipping into his own funds to pay the scientists who worked with him. Throughout his career, which began in the 1940s, Kummerow challenged orthodoxy in science. His dogged determination to bring to light findings that contradicted popular notions about diet and health sometimes cost him friends and research funds. He argued, for example, that dietary sources of cholesterol like meat and eggs had no influence on heart disease unless they were prepared in a manner that oxidized the cholesterol. Kummerow’s early work on heart disease led him to realize, decades before anyone else, that artificial trans fats in food were clogging arteries and interfering with blood flow dynamics. His earliest research on trans fats dates to 1957. Kummerow’s efforts to remove trans fats from foods began in 1968, when he urged the American Heart Association to ask the Institute of Shortening and Edible Oils to have its members reduce the amount of trans fatty acids in shortenings and margarines, replacing them with essential fatty acids such as linoleic acid. The industry reluctantly agreed. That change coincided with a steady decrease in coronary heart disease mortality after 1968, a decline Kummerow saw as additional evidence that trans fats endanger the heart. (Heart disease rates had been climbing before that.) In 2009, when he was 94, Kummerow filed a citizen’s petition with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration requesting that it “ban partially hydrogenated fat from the American diet.” His 3,000-word petition documented the science linking trans fats in food to inflammation, an increase of LDL cholesterol, a buildup of plaque and an increased risk of blood clots in the coronary arteries. When the FDA failed to respond to his petition for four years – the law requires a response within 180 days – Kummerow, then 98, filed a lawsuit to force the agency to make a determination on his petition. Three months later, the FDA announced a “tentative determination” that trans fatty acids “are not generally recognized as safe for any use in food.” Kummerow attended the University of Wisconsin, Madison, earning a B.S. in chemistry in 1939 and a Ph.D. in biochemistry in 1943. He worked as a nutritionist at Clemson University and a professor of chemistry at Kansas State University before joining the U. of I. faculty in 1950. He began his career at Illinois in the department of food science and human nutrition, from which he retired in 1985. Unwilling to suspend his research, he joined the department of veterinary biosciences (now comparative biosciences) in 2001, a position he held until his death. Kummerow is survived by his three children, Max, Jean and Kay Kummerow; three grandchildren, Elizabeth Loban, Robert Loban and Patrick Watson; and one great-grandson, Asher Watson.