Outward Bound

Outward Bound (OB) is an international network of outdoor education schools that was founded in the United Kingdom by Kurt Hahn and Lawrence Holt in 1941. Today there are schools in 33 countries which are attended by more than 250,000 people each year. Outward Bound International is a non-profit membership and licensing organisation for the international network of Outward Bound schools.[1] The Outward Bound Trust is an educational charity established in 1946 to operate the schools in the United Kingdom.[2][3] Separate organizations operate the schools in each of the other countries in which Outward Bound operates.[4] Outward Bound helped to shape the U.S. Peace Corps and numerous other outdoor adventure programs.[5] Its aim is to foster the personal growth and social skills of participants by using challenging expeditions in the outdoors. Contents 1 History 2 Name 3 Current 4 Course specifics 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History[edit] The first Outward Bound school was opened in Aberdyfi, Wales in 1941 by Kurt Hahn and Lawrence Holt with the support of the Blue Funnel Line.[6][7] Outward Bound grew out of Hahn's work in the development of the Gordonstoun school and what is now known as the Duke of Edinburgh's Award. Outward Bound's founding mission was to improve the survival chances of young seamen after their ships were torpedoed in the mid-Atlantic.[5] James Martin Hogan served as warden for the first year of the school.[8] This mission was established and then expanded by Capt. J. F. 'Freddy' Fuller who took over the leadership of the Aberdyfi school in 1942 and served the Outward Bound movement as senior warden until 1971.[9] Fuller had been seconded from the Blue Funnel Line following wartime experience during the Battle of the Atlantic of surviving two successive torpedo attacks and commanding an open lifeboat in the Atlantic Ocean for thirty-five days without losing a single member of the crew.[10] An educational charity, named The Outward Bound Trust, was established in 1946 to operate the school.[2][3] A second school followed in England at Eskdale Green in 1950.[5] The first Outward Bound program for females was conducted in 1951. During the next decade, several other schools opened around the United Kingdom.[5] Outward Bound Australia was founded in 1956.[11] A school in Lumut, Malaysia was opened in 1958.[5] The first Outward Bound USA course was run in 1961 for the Peace Corps, which it helped to shape.[12] Outward Bound New Zealand was founded in 1962 and Outward Bound Singapore was established in 1967.[3] From the inception of Outward Bound, community service was an integral part of the program, especially in the areas of sea and mountain rescues and this remains an important part of the training for both staff and students.[8] During the period 1941 to 1965 in the United Kingdom, the philosophy of the schools evolved from ‘character‐training’ to ‘personal growth’ and ‘self‐discovery’.[13] Outward Bound International was founded in 2004 to license the use of the brand name 'Outward Bound' and to provide support for the international network of schools.[14] Name[edit] The Blue Peter nautical flag indicates that a vessel is "outward bound". Outward Bound schools use and raise this flag to symbolise the journey starting for OB students at the start of a programme. The name Outward Bound derives from a nautical expression that refers to the moment a ship leaves the harbor. This is signified by Outward Bound's use of the nautical flag, the Blue Peter (a white square inside a blue square). JF Fuller adapted the Outward Bound motto, "To Serve, To Strive and not To Yield," from the poem "Ulysses" by Alfred Lord Tennyson: ... Come, my friends. Tis not too late to seek a newer world. Though much is taken, much abides; and though We are not now that strength which in old days Moved earth and heaven, that which we are, we are -- One equal temper of heroic hearts, Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield. Current[edit] Since its founding in the middle of the last century, Outward Bound has encouraged individuals to test their physical and emotional limits in challenging outdoor adventure programs. The experiences are a means of building inner strength and a heightened awareness of human interdependence.[15] Outward Bound operates more than 30 schools in various countries and reports serving over 250,000 students each year.[1] The Compass Rose serves as the logo for almost all the schools around the world.[14] Course specifics[edit] An Outward Bound excursion at Lake Superior Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada Outward Bound courses follow a kind of recipe or formula, termed the Outward Bound Process Model which is well described by Walsh and Golins (1976) as:[16] Taking a ready, motivated learner into a prescribed, unfamiliar physical environment, along with a small group of people who are faced with a series of incremental, inter-related problem-solving tasks which creates in the individual a state of dissonance requiring adaptive coping and leads to a sense of mastery or competence when equilibrium is managed. The cumulative effect of these experiences leads to a reorganisation of the self-conceptions and information the learner holds about him/herself. The learner will then continue to be positively oriented to further learning and development experiences (transfer). In a typical class, participants are divided into small patrols (or groups) under the guidance of one or more instructors. The first few days, often at a base camp, are spent training for the outdoor education activities that the course will contain and in the philosophy of Outward Bound. After initial confidence-building challenges, the group heads off on an expedition. As the group develops the capacity to do so, the instructors ask the group to make its own decisions.[16]