George L. Cowgill obtained degrees in physics (B.S., Stanford University, 1952; M.S., Iowa State University, 1954) before switching to anthropology (A.M., University of Chicago, 1956; Ph.D., Harvard University, 1963). As an undergraduate, he also took courses in English and creative writing, and he has persistently attempted to integrate scientific and humanistic approaches in his research. He is especially interested in the worldwide comparative study of ancient urban societies in their social, political, economic and ideational aspects, particularly in explanatory models of change that recognize practices and intentions of individuals acting in and acting upon their natural and social contexts. He also maintains an interest in the social, cultural, and economic factors affecting present-day human fertility, especially in poorer nations, which he sees as a topic of continuing concern that is unduly neglected by most anthropologists. He has worked on applications of mathematical and statistical methods and concepts to archaeological topics.