In the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, President George W. Bush established the Homeland Security Council (HSC) on October 8, 2001, through the issuance of Executive Order 13228. The organization and operation of the HSC was further specified by the President in Homeland Security Presidential Directive-1, which was issued on October 29, 2001. The establishment of the HSC was subsequently codified in Title IX of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (Pub. L. 107-296; 116 Stat. 2135; 6 U.S.C 491 et seq.). The HSC’s purpose is to ensure coordination of all homeland security-related activities among executive departments and agencies, and to promote the effective development and implementation of all homeland security policies.