Civil Society In the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Preparation and Response

Executive summary Grasping the opportunities and managing the challenges of the Fourth Industrial Revolution require a thriving civil society deeply engaged with the development, use and governance of emerging technologies. It is, therefore, important to highlight and share more widely the ways in which civil society organizations (including advocacy, development, humanitarian and labour unions) are using digital and emerging technologies to increase impact and efficiency, as well as how they are advocating for responsible practice across the sector and society. Starting October 2017, the World Economic Forum Society and Innovation team initiated consultations for a novel initiative on Preparing Civil Society for the Fourth Industrial Revolution, with the aim of tracking and disseminating efforts while encouraging new collaborations across the sector linked to the responsible use of emerging technologies. Over this time, 154 civil society leaders and experts participated in 63 interviews and four workshops, collectively taking stock of the ways in which civil society is currently responding to digital and emerging technologies in their work and how societal challenges might be better addressed through future cross‐sector partnerships. The ensuing debates and discussions reveal three cross‐cutting considerations as to how civil society can participate in, and in many ways lead, the Fourth Industrial Revolution: 1. Civil society organizations face pressure to play a diversity of roles1 in the technological and institutional context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution As the Fourth Industrial Revolution matures, civil society must recognize new, distinct roles for the sector in responding to existing and new societal challenges. Several examples have already emerged, including roles as watchdogs, advocates and facilitators. To successfully navigate pressure to play multiple roles, civil society organizations will need to enter into cross‐sector partnerships and will require the development of new sets of skills. Importantly, insights from this research highlight that civil society cannot stand still as the relationship between society and technology changes. 2. Civil society organizations must resolve a range of tensions to responsibly play these roles and respond to the governance and use of emerging technologies How civil society organizations grapple with tensions in their approach to innovation and technology will affect their ability to positively impact and influence the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Those tensions include: – Motivations: What is driving civil society organizations’ motivations to use technology? What problems are they trying to innovate for? – Architecture: How do civil society organizations design for innovation, considering organizational structure(s), culture(s), talent(s) and other factors? – Investment: How do civil society organizations make decisions on using limited resources on technology towards short‐term and long‐term change? – Learning: How do civil society organizations structure knowledge management and learning, weighing both global best practices and context‐specific details? 3. Civil society organizations need to make critical investments to lead by example in key areas of the Fourth Industrial Revolution Civil society organizations have long‐standing knowledge and histories in working with the most vulnerable populations in difficult contexts. To capitalize on its experience of and proximity to community issues, the civil society sector should make investments in a number of areas to lead the way in modelling key elements of a human‐centred Fourth Industrial Revolution: – Responsible, rights‐based use of digital and emerging technologies – Inclusive and participatory approaches to social innovation and technology – Models for translation across sectors, disciplines and experiences on technology and society issues The nature of technological change, combined with other drivers such as shrinking civic space,1 means that civil society organizations cannot change on their own, or in silos. Knowledge‐sharing, cross‐sector learning and multistakeholder cooperation and investment will be needed both to accelerate civil society’s readiness for the Fourth Industrial Revolution and to ensure that civil society organizations are active leaders in shaping the development and adoption of technology in ways that are beneficial to the communities they serve. This publication is intended as a reference document for civil society actors and partners from government and business who are willing to engage with one another to build a thriving social sector in a future characterized by technological change. The complex and uncertain nature of emerging technologies means that civil society organizations must partner with other sectors, seek external expertise, and access stakeholder networks and resources from other areas to accelerate the right mix of incentives and capacity building. 1 See The Future Role of Civil Society: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_FutureRoleCivilSociety_ Report_2013.pdf p9 – Independence: How do civil society organizations stay independent and critical as part of civil society while participating in corporate digital platforms or using algorithmic tools from the private sector? 4 Civil Society in the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Preparation and Response Introduction The extensive historical, economic and social literature detailing the impact of past industrial revolutions illustrates the numerous ways in which technological innovation created both widespread benefits and a range of negative consequences. As is often the case, marginalized populations bore the greatest costs associated with technological development, as evidenced by many examples in history. The arrival of the steam engine, steel manufacturing and railways corresponded with unsafe factory working conditions, the use of child labour, rising levels of air and water pollution and the proliferation of disease in urban communities. The negative impacts of industrialization led to the rise of organized, citizen‐based activism focused on the rights of workers and improving quality of life within and across communities. Faith‐based charities, labour unions and friendly societies worked to improve worker conditions and reduce the impact of risks that emerged as society transformed in mid‐18th century Great Britain. Since then, civil society, more broadly in the form of global NGOs, trade unions, social movements and religious organizations2, have constantly advocated for workers, marginalized populations and others when the benefits of industry and government during these industrial revolutions failed to trickle down. Today, as detailed in The Future Role of Civil Society report, a huge range of organizations are engaged in championing human rights, delivering emergency services and assistance, and fostering needed dialogue on societal values and goals. Throughout their history, civil society organizations have innovated to address emerging challenges and improve their effectiveness in relationship to existing ones, adopting new approaches to leveraging the power of populations, new ways of organizing and influencing policy change. Civil society leaders such as Octavia Hill (National Trust), Henry Dunant (Red Cross), Isaac Myers (Colored National Labour Union), Emma Mashinini (South African Commercial, Catering and Allied Workers Union) and others began to organize their efforts and use private goods and resources for public benefit in new and innovative ways. Mass education, healthcare, safety measures and other social services scaled by governments find their origins as prototypes and policy positions advocated for by civil society in the late 1800s. Today, these movements have resulted in the complex and varied social systems that exist in most countries around the world. In many cases, civil society organizations themselves have become global organizations. However, there is inevitably a lag between the emergence of a social challenge and a systemic response supported by enforced law and investment by businesses. In both the first and second industrial revolutions, it took several generations of civil society advocacy and policy support to adopt widespread 2 The World Bank refers to civil society as the sphere (or sector) “outside the family, the state, and the market...[including] a wide array of non‐governmental and not‐for‐profit organizations that have a presence in public life and express the interests and values of their members or others, based on ethical, cultural, political, scientific, religious or philanthropic considerations.” systems of social protection and response to help people respond to the impacts of the technological changes of the time. As just one example, while use of child labour in factory settings became widespread in Britain in the 1770s, the first laws governing the use of child labour emerged in 1803 but were only effectively enforced in the middle of the century.3 The Fourth Industrial Revolution is a global phenomenon characterized by the convergence of digital, physical and biological technologies and is still in its early stages. It builds directly on the third, digital revolution, which has connected billions of people by mobile devices “with unprecedented processing power, storage capacity and access to knowledge”. 4 As the Fourth Industrial Revolution builds on the digital foundations of the third, the speed of technological advancements today has already gone beyond historical precedent.5 The rate of change under way has significant implications for the ability of civil society to innovate and respond using historical approaches and existing resources. As with prior industrial revolutions, which transformed how value is created and distributed, the Fourth Industrial Revolution will have a disruptive impact on society. Emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, distributed ledgers, biotechnologies and neurotechnologies will alter how people live and even how humanity perceives and understands itself. These technologies will tend to scale exponentially thanks to digital networks and interoperable systems. But they will also emerge physically, manifesting in the real world in the form of smart products and services, increasingly defining our physical environments and our relationships with both other individuals and institutions. They will even embed themselves in our biological selves, shaping the experience of our bodies and the world. In this way, the Fourth Industrial Revolution will have profound social impacts that far surpass those of previous industrial revolutions. With the digital revolution still unfolding around the world, the technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution offer opportunities for civil society organizations to deploy powerful new tools to better achieve their goals. Expanding access to and use of the internet, mobile phones and other information and communication technologies have led many civil society organizations to explore the use of digital technologies across almost all functional areas, including monitoring and evaluation, service delivery and communication with stakeholders. Similarly, the recent emergence of technologies that build on these digital foundations – such as machine learning algorithms or the use of drones – has prompted civil society leaders to experiment with their use in a range of contexts to access new functionalities or to seek efficiencies. But how effective have these technologically focused activities been in solving the most important problems facing Civil Society in the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Preparation and Response 5 Relevant digital and emerging technologies in the context of the civil society sector – Civil society data. This includes the use of internal data, such as administrative data and beneficiary/ survey data, citizen‐generated data, as well as open and crowdsourced data available from government databases and physical sensors in the built environment. – Private sector/proprietary data, metadata and the Internet of Things (IoT). This includes big data (digital translations of human actions, interactions and transactions picked up by digital devices and services), including call detail records (CDRs), GPS, social media, nanosatellite imagery, online marketplace data, credit/debit card data, night lights, IP addresses, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs); intelligence products; data sharing research partnerships, challenges and experiments; and data dashboards. – Artificial intelligence and machine learning. This includes the use of various types of traditional algorithms within existing data structures (for prioritization, classification, association and filtering), machine‐learning algorithms, deep‐learning algorithms and some forms of robotics. – Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies (DLTs). This includes cryptographic verification, crypto‐philanthropy, remittances, cash‐based interventions in crises, regulatory compliance and auditability, digital identification. – Drones and autonomous vehicles. This includes remote sensing and cargo delivery (particularly in humanitarian crises). – Multidimensional printing (or 3D printing). This includes rapid prototyping, 3D scanning, moulds and tools, digital manufacturing and personal fabrication. – Virtual, augmented and mixed reality. This includes initiatives in fundraising, raising awareness, empathy building, creative visualization of non‐profit impact, distance learning platforms. – Biotechnologies. This includes emerging biotechnologies, such as gene editing, and the fast‐evolving social context (business and governance models) in which they are developed and applied. communities and in supporting the core missions of these civil society organizations? What categories of needs are investments in Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies and related experiments trying to address? While innovation is a well‐researched topic in commercial and government contexts, there is relatively limited data on how civil society players strategically invest in and deploy technology. According to NetChange’s 2017 survey on non‐profit technology use, only 11% of non‐profit respondents viewed their organizations’ digital strategies as effective. While there have been several attempts at mapping social innovation activities across society6, these mapping exercises rarely capture specifically how non‐profits have been using digital and emerging technologies to better meet the needs of the communities they serve. This document goes a small way towards filling this gap. In the initial stages of the World Economic Forum’s project Preparing Civil Society for the Fourth Industrial Revolution, we engaged 154 civil society leaders and experts, conducted 63 interviews and held four workshops with dozens of senior leaders across NGOs, labour movements and faith‐based organizations. These interviews and consultations aimed to take stock and highlight how civil society organizations are already responding to digital and emerging technologies—for example, by piloting and using these technologies, or by advocating for responsible practice in public, private and civil society use. This paper is an attempt at concisely summarizing the key points and interesting examples of ongoing work that emerged from these discussions. This document aims to support members of civil society organizations as well as practitioners and strategy leaders from industry, philanthropy and the public sector on: – How civil society has begun using digital and emerging technologies – How civil society has demonstrated and advocated for responsible use of technology – How civil society can participate and lead in a time of technological change – How industry, philanthropy, the public sector and civil society can join together and invest in addressing new societal challenges in the Fourth Industrial Revolution Section 1 highlights five categories of use related to how civil society organizations have been piloting digital and emerging technologies, with key examples from various organizations in civil society. Section 2 describes how the sector has begun critically assessing its own use of these technologies. Section 3 details three cross‐cutting considerations for civil society and its readiness for the Fourth Industrial Revolution. 6 Civil Society in the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Preparation and Response